Characteristics Of Prostate Cancer - 898 Words

There are some tumors found to be primarily relying on FAO for development and survival. Prostate cancer suggested to has a characteristic of low a glycolysis rate and poor avidity to FDG 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose with positron emission tomography, that is using as diagnostic, staging, and a monitoring therapy tool for several malignant tumors (9). Recent studies indicated that prostate cancer cells have a low glucose consumption rate and exhibiting changes of fatty acid metabolism for cancer cell proliferation and growth, also stated that glucose transporters (GLUT1) were found with low expression levels in human prostate cancer cells (9,10). Another observation was proposed by a study in which the inhibition of CPTI activity using safe†¦show more content†¦FAO produces a molecule of acetyl CoA in each oxidation cycle and two after full completed cycles. The resulted acetyl CoA is the major requirement for producing the reduced NADP+ in which the generated acetyl CoA enter s the TCA cycle and with the availability of oxaloacetate provides citrate that can be export to the cytoplasm. The citrate then enters two reactions to produce cytosolic NADPH (1,3,12). These reactions include the conversion of malate to pyruvate that is catalyzed by malic enzyme (ME1) and the oxidation of isocitrate to ÃŽ ±-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1) (1,3,12). The produced cytosolic NADPH from FAO acts to sustain the antioxidant system against oxidative stress and to promote cancer cell survival. For instance, during severe oxidative stress the accumulation of oxygen reactive species (ROS) leads to cell death, cytosolic NADPH counteracts ROS by maintaining the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) thereby promoting cancer cell survival (12). In addition, the produced cytosolic NADPH from FAO targets ROS-induced oxidative damage to prevent disrupting mitochondrial and glycolytic ATP production. For example, in a study using SF188 glioblastoma cells the inhibition of FAO by CPTI inhibitor etomoxir hindered NADPH production and resulted in significantly increased of superoxide level in etomoxir treated cells, ATP depletion, and eventually cell death (12). AShow MoreRelatedRisks of PSA Testing Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping cancer, and 10 ng/ml is a 50% risk of cancer. However, some men with normal PSA levels still have prostate cancer, while other men with high PSA levels do not. PSA levels increase with age often due to a higher prevalence of benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH). Therefore, no PSA cutoff can accurately guarantee that a man does not have prostate cancer. 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